WATER CONSTRAINTS ON ENERGY DEVELOPMENT: A FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS1

ABSTRACT: The pressure on water resources from energy resource development and transformation is likely to be greater in the future than it has been in the past. A rational resolution of the political problems that this situation will generate requires that: 1) planning based on predictions of future energy supply and demand be replaced by scenario, or “what if?” analysis; 2) full attention be paid to the uncertainties in per-unit-energy water requirements; 3) suitable stochastic measures of water availability be used to compare water supply with water demand; 4) realistic ecological criteria, and other alternative use criteria, be developed for estimating impacts of water withdrawn or consurned for energy development; 5) human consequences of ecological impaccts are described in a manner that will allow the political process to intervene in an optimum manner to allocate water resources.     

混凝微界面过程研究与进展:AOM颗/粒物-IPF水-溶液相互作用的重要性

颗粒物微界面的物理化学过程在混凝工艺中起着十分重要的决定作用.有关界面过程化学的研究构成了混凝技术研究与发展的重要内容和理论基础.本文仅以颗粒物/AOM-IPF-水溶液的相互作用为例,从水体颗粒物的稳定性、高效纳米絮凝剂的研究、微界面形态与过程以及混凝作用机理等诸方面,对该领域的研究与进展加以系统介绍.     

Total mercury in wild fish in Guizhou reservoirs, China

The health hazard of mercury (Hg) compounds is internationally recognized, and the main pathways for methylmercury (MeHg) intake in humans are through consumption of food, especially fish. Given the large releases of Hg to the environment in China, combined with the fast development of hydropower, this issue deserves attention. Provided similar mobilization pathways of Hg in China as seen in reservoirs in North America and Europe one should expect increased Hg contamination in relation to future hydropower reservoir construction in this country. This study presents total Hg (THg) concentrations in wild fish from six Guizhou reservoirs, China. The THg concentrations in fish were generally low despite high background levels in the bedrock and depositions from local point sources. The over all mean ± SD concentration of THg was (0.066 ± 0.078) μg/g (n = 235). After adjusting for among-reservoir variation in THg, there were significant differences in THg among functional groups of the fish, assumed to re?ect trophic levels. Predicted THg- concentration ratios, retrieved from a mixed linear model, between the functional groups were 9:4:4:1 for carnivorous, omnivorous, planktivorous and herbivorous fish. This result indicated that MeHg accumulation may prevail even under circumstances with short food chains as in this Chinese water system. No fish exceeded recommended maximum THg limit for human consumption set by World Health Organization and the Standardization Administration of China (0.5 μg/g fish wet weight (ww)). Only six fish (2.5%) exceeded the maximum THg limit set by US Environmental Protection Agency (0.3 μg/g fish ww).     

Trophic transfer of mercury and methylmercury in an aquatic ecosystem impacted by municipal sewage effluents in Beijing,China

Gaobeidian Lake, located in Beijing, China, serves as a recipient lake for efluents from a large municipal sewage treatment plant (MSTP). In order to evaluate the effects of discharging MSTP efluent on the mercury contamination of the local aquatic ecosystem, sediment cores, water, plankton, fish, and turtle samples were collected from Gaobeidian Lake for mercury speciation analysis. High concentrations of total mercury (T-Hg) were detected in sediment cores (5.24–17.0 μg/g dry weight (dw), average: 10.1 μg/g). The ratio of methylmercury (MeHg) to T-Hg was less than 0.3% in sediments and ranged from 35% to 76% in biota samples. The highest level of T-Hg and MeHg were found in aquatic bryophyte and crucian carp (3673 and 437 ng/g dw, respectively). The relative contents of MeHg were significantly correlated with trophic levels (R2 = 0.5506, p 0.001), which confirmed that MeHg can be bio-transferred and biomagnified via food chain in this aquatic ecosystem.     

流域水生态功能分区方法与指标体系探讨

水生态功能分区是识别流域水生态系统特征、结构与功能的主要依据,它能够反映区域水生态系统的主要生态功能状况及其所面临的潜在压力。因此,建立基于生态功能分区的水质管理技术体系,是中国水生态管理的必然发展趋势,也是国际水质管理的前沿方向。拟从水生态功能分区的研究现状,比较国内外相关的研究工作,探讨不同等级生态分区方法及指标体系的构建依据。     

水生高等植物对水中悬浮固体去除效果的研究

文章研究了含不同浓度悬浮物的水流,在流经由长江中下游典型水生植物风车草、石菖蒲、菱、金鱼藻、轮叶黑藻、亚洲苦草所构建的水生高等植物群落时悬浮固体浓度的变化规律,分析了群落及群落中每种水生高等植物对悬浮固体的去除效果。结果表明,所构建的水生高等植物群落能够有效地降低水体中悬浮固体的浓度,但不同种类的水生高等植物对悬浮固体浓度降低的效果相差很大。     

纯种氨氧化细菌Comamonas aquatic LNL3的固定化及短程硝化性能研究

采用辐射技术,以共聚物Poly(HEA)-Poly(HEMA)为载体将纯种AOB-Comamonas aquaticLNL3固定化,研究了固定化纯种AOB在不同温度、pH、DO、FA条件下的短程硝化性能.结果表明,纯种AOB-Comamonas aquaticLNL3具有短程硝化性能,固定化纯种AOB-Comamonas aquaticLNL3的短程硝化反应的最佳温度、pH、DO、FA分别为30℃、8.5、4.03 mg/L和9 mg/L,相应的氨氮去除率和亚硝化率分别为93.52%、94.73%;79.74%、94.67%;91.17%、94.66%和90%、94.4%,FA对短程硝化亚硝化率影响不大.     

基于不确定性分析的太湖水体多环芳烃的生态风险评价

利用概率法[蒙特卡罗抽样(monte carlo sampling,MCS)和拉丁超立方抽样(latin hypercube sampling,LHS)]、区间分析法、模糊数法和方差传递等不确定性处理方法,分析了太湖水体ΣPAH8生态风险的不确定性,量化了不确定性因素影响的太湖水体ΣPAH8的生态风险.结果表明,基于概率理论的MCS和LHS模拟结果为太湖水体ΣPAH8危害商值的概率分布,危害商值的平均值分别为0.37和0.35,90%的置信区间分别为(0.000 18,0.89)和(0.000 17,0.92),超过临界值1的概率分别为9.71%和9.68%,敏感性分析表明毒性数据对ΣPAH8商值概率分布的影响较大;区间分析结果表明太湖水体ΣPAH8危害商值范围为0.000 17～0.99;模糊数计算得到可信度为0.9对应的太湖水体ΣPAH8危害商值的区间值为(0.001 5,0.016 3);方差传递结果表明太湖水体ΣPAH8的危害商值在90%置信水平下的置信区间为(0.000 16,0.88),各种不确定性分析均表明PAHs的生态风险较低.通过各种方法比较,基于概率理论的不确定性处理技术更适合太湖水体PAHs的生态风险评价,可为水体有机污染物的风险管理和控制提供科学依据.     

生态通道模型及其在水生态系统中的应用探讨

文章对生态通道Ecopath模型方法的提出及发展进行了简要介绍,并归纳了该方法在国内外水生态系统研究和管理中的应用,探讨了其应用过程中存在的问题。Ecopath模型目前主要应用在海洋生态系统中,因此在淡水生态系统应用具有一定的发展前景;在模型建立过程中,研究区域的生物种群动态及食性组成等基础研究的不足,会导致模型需要的食性数据难以获得,功能组的划分及数量较难把握,模型P/B、Q/B参数的计算及输入的准确性不高;对于Ecopath模型的敏感度分析、输入参数的不确定度分析及模拟效果的评估,在该模型发展及应用过程中将越来越受到关注。     

流域水生态功能分区与质量目标管理技术研究的若干问题

制定中国的水生态功能分区方案、提出流域水环境质量目标管理技术体系是解决中国流域污染控制的重大科技需求,不仅可以提升我国水污染控制的科技水平,而且对于我国流域水生态安全保障具有现实意义.本文对水生态功能分区与质量目标管理的意义、概念、研究现状以及未来发展趋势进行了研究.阐述了流域水生态功能分区与质量目标管理技术研究的迫切...